What is the name of the dense layer of rock that surrounds the molten outer core of the Earth?

The dense layer of rock that surrounds the molten outer core of the Earth is known as the mantle. This layer is critical in the Earth's structure as it lies directly above the outer core and below the Earth's crust. The mantle is composed of solid rock that can flow slowly over geological time, allowing for the movement of tectonic plates within the lithosphere. It plays a key role in plate tectonics, volcanic activity, and the thermal dynamics of the Earth. The mantle also contains silicate minerals that are rich in iron and magnesium, contributing to its density and characteristics.