What are the programs that operate the computer hardware to provide basic functionality known as?

The term that describes the programs operating the computer hardware to provide basic functionality is "software." Software consists of a collection of instructions and data that tell the computer how to perform specific tasks. It encompasses applications and systems that enable users to interact with the hardware, manage data, and carry out functions necessary for the operation of a computer. Without software, the hardware itself would not be able to perform any useful tasks, as it relies on these programs for its functionality.

In contrast, hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the processor, memory, and storage devices, which do not execute tasks without the guidance of software. A hard drive is a specific type of hardware that stores data, while a hacker refers to a person who uses technical skills to gain unauthorized access to systems, usually unrelated to the basic operation of computer functionality.