How are submarine canyons formed?

Submarine canyons are primarily formed through a combination of geological and hydrological processes. Underwater currents and landslides are significant contributors to the formation of these canyons. The energy of the underwater currents can erode the seabed, creating deep channels in the ocean floor. Additionally, landslides, which can occur when sediment builds up and becomes unstable, can carve out further depth and shape in the underwater topography.

Glaciation plays a role in the broader understanding of canyon formation too, particularly during periods when glaciers advance and retreat. As glaciers melt, they can contribute to sediment release and create conditions conducive to erosion, which can eventually lead to submarine canyons.

Tidal currents also influence the sediment transport and erosion processes along continental shelves and can contribute to the formation of these underwater features over long periods, especially where strong tidal forces act.

Thus, the combination of underwater currents, landslides, glaciation, and tidal currents illustrates the complex processes involved in shaping submarine canyons, ultimately making the comprehensive answer that includes all these factors the most accurate.